Causes
One type of tooth sensitivity results when erosion of enamel, the outer layer of the tooth, exposes an underlying layer called dentin. Tubules that form the dentin are sensitive to irritants and this produces discomfort. Loss of enamel can follow intake of acidic foods, acid reflux condition, teeth grinding, receding gums, poor dental hygiene, etc.
Another kind of tooth sensitivity affects the tooth’s core, called pulp; formed by nerves and blood vessels. This can be a reaction to tooth decay, grinding, or tooth damage.
Treatment
Using a desensitizing toothpaste can be helpful, as they contain agents that act to block sensation from dentin tubules to nerves. Brushing that is too forceful, and use of a hard bristle toothbrush may cause wearing of the tooth enamel or gum recession.
Taking care to avoid acidic foods is recommended when teeth are sensitive. Some medications can also result in tooth sensitivity.
When the sensitivity condition persists, a dental examination, with X-rays if required, can determine a range of possible treatment. The dentist will assess your tooth care habits, look for signs of grinding, and check for other causes, including decay and exposed tooth roots. If the sensitivity is from exposed dentin, the dentist may apply a protective coating to the area or use a desensitizing agent. Stannous fluoride gel may be prescribed, or a toothpaste containing fluoride or potassium nitrate.
If the source of the sensitivity is the tooth’s pulp, then root canal treatment may be required, and possibly capping the tooth.
If teeth grinding (bruxism) is the cause of sensitivity, your dentist can fit a plastic night guard to prevent further damage and treat sensitivity.